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Free Essays on Indian Budism

The Chinese and India cultures are interconnected with one another. The art, architecture, religion and social standards of these great civilizations have intricate similarities and striking differences. The two have influenced each other in many ways. India spread its Buddhist beliefs to the Chinese and the Chinese introduced new trade and industry to the Indian culture. They shared many of these things unknowingly through trade and people moving through out the world. One of the major details in Indian art is the use of the tribhunga style. This style is one of creating a human form in which the stance contains three curves. These curves usually are at the hip, shoulder and head. A second detail of Indian art is the special hand positions. A piece may show one with their hand in a certain form. These defined positions will indicate a power or skill that is held by the person depicted. Many of the pieces on exhibit at the MFA’s Indian collection are religious in nature. Their religious beliefs affected their lives in all aspects. One must live the proper life in order to move on to a better one when they reach the next life. They would create many statues for each of the different gods they worshiped. These statues were referred to as Bodhisattvas. The different characteristics of these works such as stance and hand position would indicate who was represented. Many of the statues would also have multiple arms. These arms were symbolic of the deity having many talents and purposes. This may show one arm with a weapon, another with a religious item and yet another with a special hand position that indicates a special power held by that particular Bodhisattva. The art forms and styles of the Chinese culture changed often in ancient times. In each dynasty there were tell tale signs that the pieces were made in that era. These telling factors could vary greatly from colors used to materials. Many examples of these differences lie in ... Free Essays on Indian Budism Free Essays on Indian Budism The Chinese and India cultures are interconnected with one another. The art, architecture, religion and social standards of these great civilizations have intricate similarities and striking differences. The two have influenced each other in many ways. India spread its Buddhist beliefs to the Chinese and the Chinese introduced new trade and industry to the Indian culture. They shared many of these things unknowingly through trade and people moving through out the world. One of the major details in Indian art is the use of the tribhunga style. This style is one of creating a human form in which the stance contains three curves. These curves usually are at the hip, shoulder and head. A second detail of Indian art is the special hand positions. A piece may show one with their hand in a certain form. These defined positions will indicate a power or skill that is held by the person depicted. Many of the pieces on exhibit at the MFA’s Indian collection are religious in nature. Their religious beliefs affected their lives in all aspects. One must live the proper life in order to move on to a better one when they reach the next life. They would create many statues for each of the different gods they worshiped. These statues were referred to as Bodhisattvas. The different characteristics of these works such as stance and hand position would indicate who was represented. Many of the statues would also have multiple arms. These arms were symbolic of the deity having many talents and purposes. This may show one arm with a weapon, another with a religious item and yet another with a special hand position that indicates a special power held by that particular Bodhisattva. The art forms and styles of the Chinese culture changed often in ancient times. In each dynasty there were tell tale signs that the pieces were made in that era. These telling factors could vary greatly from colors used to materials. Many examples of these differences lie in ...

The Effectiveness of Light Therapy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Effectiveness of Light Therapy - Assignment Example Tsai Hsiu-Hsin conducted this research to find out the effect of therapy on depressed elders. The researchers Yun-Fang Tsai and Hsiu-Hsin Tsai belong to the school of nursing in Taiwan; Thomas Wong is from the school of nursing in Hong Kong, while Yeong-Yuh Juang works in the Department of Psychiatry in Taiwan. The research is conducted because elderly depression has become a major issue and there are no past studies that are conducted for examining light therapy effect on elderly depressions in tropical areas. For this purpose, the old patients that were hospitalized because of depression in a subtropical climate area are selected. The experiment was conducted in such a way that patients had to sit in front of a light box where they faced 5000 lux early in the morning. This experiment lasted for 5 days in which time duration was 50 minutes each day. Treatment was only given to the experimental group, while there was no treatment for controlling group. The results of this experiment stated that there was a significant reduction of depression on the patients after the experiment, but no effect was found on the control group. This research is very helpful for the elders as they can use light therapy for reducing their depression and it has a positive impact on them. The major limitation of this study was that only one hospital was selected for this experiment therefore, different hospitals could be used in the future.

International Finance Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

International Finance - Coursework Example ) Rate of return Weightage(?) Equity Shares 720,000,000 9.50% 68,400,000.00 Bank overdraft 169,800,000 6% 10,188,000.00 Redeemable bond 310,200,000 3.52% 10,905,381.42   Total 1,200,000,000 89,493,381.42 WACC 7.46% Current Debt to Equity ratio Debt 480,000,000 Equity 720,000,000 Ratio 0.67 The weighted average cost of capital of the company is the weighted average of the various sources of finance used by the company. Debt is cheaper than equity finance as it lower risk prone and there is always a tax incentive. Increasing amount of debt in the capital structure of the company has its disadvantages as well. Increasing level of debts increases the financial risk of a company which eventually increases the cost of equity as well. The weighted average cost of capital of highly geared company is higher as compared to the others. In the given case study, the company, vagabond plc, is not a highly geared company as against every ? 0.67 worth of debt, the company has ? 1 worth of equity. In order to calculate the weighted average cost of capital of the company, the market value of equity and debt instrument is need to be calculated. The shares of Vagabond plc are currently traded at 36 pence which makes the total market value of the equity to ?720 million. In order to calculate the cost of equity (ke) we use the formula as enumerated in table 1. In the mentioned formula Rf is the risk free rate of return where Rm is the current market rate. Rm-Rf represents the market premium. Beta measures the systematic risk (associated with the environment in which the entity operates) of the company in relation to the current market risk. The company currently has debt through two resources i.e. through bank overdraft and an issuance of redeemable debt bond. For bank overdraft the cost of debt is the rate on which the company pays interest. For the redeemable bond, the cost of debt can be calculated as mentioned in Table 2. Since interest (Coupon x Face value of the debt) is the only cash flow, the IRR of the cash flows is the cost of the debt kd. The weighted average cost of capital (WACC) of the company is calculated by considering all the sources of capital and their rate of return. b) The revised weighted average cost of capital for Vagabond Plc, after consideration of the project is as follows. Calculating the revised capital structure Current Debt to Equity ratio Debt 480,000,000 Equity 720,000,000 Ratio 0.67 Investment required ? 300,000,000 Let the investment raised through equity be 'x' Thus in order to maintain the current debt equity ratio, the company’s revised capital structure should be as follows (480 + x) / (720 + (300-x) = 0.67 Solving the equation, the value of 'x' is ? 121.5 million Revised Debt to Equity ratio Table 4 Debt ? 601,500,000 Equity ? 898,500,000 Ratio 0.67 Calculating Beta equity (Geared) of the project   Table 5       Beta (asset) = Beta (equity) x Equity/[Equity +Debt(1-tax rate)] Where    Beta (asset) of th e project is 1.9    Revised debt is 601.5 million    Revised equity is 898.5 million          Substituting all the values in the equation, Beta(equity) is 2.81 Calculating revised cost of equity      Table 6 Using the formula Ke = Rf + (Rm-Rf) * Beta

Is Media Globalization a Form of Cultural Imperialism Essay

Is Media Globalization a Form of Cultural Imperialism - Essay Example This wide spread of its globalization has come up because of innovation and development of advanced information communication technology. Furthermore, globalization of media has facilitated all other forms of globalization in the world owing to the fact that multi-national media is very fundamental in global industries. Many individuals especially in the western countries believe in enjoying the positive impacts of media globalization without fearing or avoiding the media negative results which may include violation of freedom to speech. International communication has been made cheap through Media globalization and availability of advanced communication. This enable people have video conversation with their own who might be miles away. It helps business people be informed on the current status on the stock market via cell phones. This helps in good use of funds, time and power. Internet as another development in media has positively encouraged development in the world health sector. In the event of critical illness, a doctor can transmit an X-ray or MRI through another one at a far country thus offering better solution. A client is thus able to get it effectively and efficiently saving many lives. More advances are being made in media technology such as compression technology to enable easier and good transfers of CAT scans via the Internet for patients to access efficient assistant from all skilled professionals globally. Additionally via the worldwide web, a lot of information has been made readily available to all hence need to be informed in the right way. Homogenization and hybridization are two major types concerning that unify global culture. Homogenization equates globalization with depletion of... This essay approves that media is currently available and to the reach by people which is contrary totally different from previous status. An example is given of increased competition in the open market which has lowered content diversity. This is observed to standardize a profit as the organizations compete for more audience. Similarly, news stations have taken followed the profit formula hence lower quality of journalistic content bringing a very confusing situation hence global poor understanding of news resulting from personalized media content. Owing to the fact that advertising is great source of finance in media it is right to argue that media never choose the important products to advertise as their motive is profit maximization. This global media ignorance of the public interest does not result from changes of one’s standards in professional journalism. Also it never results from more public need for less irrelevant and evil information. The media is thus to lower public demand and esteem as they broadcast according to their satisfaction. This report makes a conclusion that since media has great societal influence it is good to regulate it more for nothing can stop media globalization. It will keep non influencing impact people behavior. Therefore, it is advisable for governments to ensure media freedom but set rules that will favor protection of people culture and good character as well. Therefore, it is right to argue the fact that medial globalization is source of cultural imperialism.

Impact of Drinking Whilst Pregnant

Impact of Drinking Whilst Pregnant Samantha McKenna To what extent does drinking alcohol while pregnant affect the life of an unborn child? â€Å"In Australia, alcohol is responsible for a considerable burden of death, disease and injury† (Alcohol guidelines: reducing the health risks, 2015). â€Å"The Australian Institute of Health and Welfare report that 38% of Australian women consume 3 or more drinks per day† (Pyettfor, 2007). Thorough research has shown that there are many biological impacts on the fetus caused by alcohol consumption during pregnancy, which result in further impacts placed upon them as they go through life. Consuming any sort of alcohol while pregnant, including beer, wine and spirits, are all linked to the cause of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) (Womens and Childrens Health Network, 2014). Biological impacts Alcohol affects a fetus as the harmful substances can pass the placental barrier. This can occur very quickly because a fetus is nourished by the mother’s bloodstream, which results in the baby having the same alcohol blood levels as the mother (British Columbia Ministry of Education, 2010). Prenatal Alcohol exposure can affect the way a baby develops during all stages of the pregnancy, which can lead to biological anomalies for the child which effects are continuous (British Columbia Ministry of Education, 2010). Abnormalities in the fetus can include problems in the central nervous system, growth deficiency and abnormal facial characteristics, all as a result of alcohol consumption during pregnancy (Webb, 1991). This is because the development of the baby’s cells and organs can be disturbed. In particular, growth and development of the head are a common result of FASD. A person with FASD can have a smooth philtrum (no groove between upper lip and nose), a thin upper l ip and a small eye opening (Telethon Kids, 2011). An interview conducted with a midwife who wishes to remain anonymous has seen the effects of FASD firsthand, also supports this theory regarding the facial features of a person with FASD (Anonymous, 2015). There is also mild to severe brain developmental delays due to abnormalities in the brain cells (Jean, 2012). The cells are affected because â€Å"alcohol is so small in size so it can enter the developing cells and change the growth and migration of the cells, which reduces the number of pathways or connectors and alter the neurochemistry of the cells† (National Organisation for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder, 2013). This can produce permanent brain damage. The damage caused by the alcohol exposure results in problems with storing and retrieving information, problem solving, focus and verbal memory, due to the brains corpus callosum being damaged (Robinson, 2013). Issues from the brains cerebellum being damaged also create problems with controlling movements, maintaining balance and fine motor skills (National Organisation for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder, 2013). There are also possible heart damages (which are particular in the ventricular septum), low birth weight, geni tal defects, kidney problems and cerebral palsy. As well as limb anomalies such as curved little fingers, extra fingers or toes, or additional creases in hand (Telethon Kids, 2011). Some babies who are exposed to very high levels of alcohol as a fetus can possibly die due to the prenatal exposure (Womens and Childrens Health Network, 2014). â€Å"Data suggests that for every 10g of alcohol taken in daily during pregnancy the risk of developmental anomalies rises by 1.7% and fetal growth is reduced by 1% â€Å" (Cornwell, 1993). Although there is no safe amount of alcohol to drink, the more consumed the higher the risk will be any of the above effects impacting the child. Figure 1 shows how the damages to the brain compare to a brain with no prenatal alcohol damage. This shows the extent of how much damage occurs to the brain from alcohol consumption and how evident it is when compared to a brain not exposed to alcohol. Figure 1- brain scans showing the difference between two 6 week old babies brains. (FASlink, 2014). Social and behavioural impacts As stated above the consumption of alcohol while pregnant results in many biological impacts on the fetus; however, this also results in a range of social and behavioural issues on a child with FASD. As a consequence from the biological damages, this can result in the child’s difficulty in planning, setting goals, being on time and complying with legal obligations. Other complications can possibly include; issues at school, multiple foster care placements, reduced self esteem and depression, inappropriate sexual behaviour, inability to live independently, unemployment, poverty (Telethon Kids, 2011). â€Å"Often people who are born with FASD will show no outward signs and they may be misjudged for inappropriate actions, which can then be interpreted as bad behaviour† (Provicial Outreach Program for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder, 2013), whilst the real cause is the unfortunate brain damage. FASD children, or adults, have ‘challenging behaviour’s’; as their actions seem impulsive, defiant or poorly thought out, and it is evident they struggle socially as they have difficulty making friends (FASD Characteristics across the Lifespan). People with FASD struggle linking their actions to possible outcomes, predicting outcomes, generalizing information, staying still, paying attention, have poor memory and language, and uneven maturation (Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, 2009). All of these conditions may not be noticed or observable as a baby and â€Å"only noticed when the child reaches school age, where the child’s behaviour and learning difficulties are problematic† (Pyettfor, 2007). Professor Elliot, the Professor of Pediatrics and Child Health at the University of Sydney supports these findings as she states â€Å"At the end of the day these children have problems with learning, behaviour and developmental growth†. Sue Miers also supports this theory as she says her daughter who has FASD â€Å" could not learn from her mistakes†. Her daughter is now 30 and still requires ongoing support (Jean, 2012). According to the Australian Journal of Advanced nursing, â€Å"pregnant women who are know to use illicit drugs face consequences that can include sometimes removal of children following birth† (Miles). This shows how alcohol consumption during pregnancy can have a great impact on the child, not only biologically, but also socially due to behavioural characteristics that last throughout their whole life. Prevalence of disorders Many surveys have been completed within Australia to measure the prevalence of disorders of FASD and the percentage of women who drink alcohol while pregnant. â€Å"A 2014 Australian survey estimates of people with FASD arrays from 0.006 to 0.068 per 1,000 live births† (Callinan, 2014). Another survey found that 81% of the participants of the survey reported to drinking alcohol during pregnancy, and 0.2% of the sample drank more than 20 units of alcohol a week. As well as 71% of the sample reporting 0 to 5 units per week (Callinan, 2014). Studies also show that younger women are more likely to stop drinking alcohol when they are aware of their pregnancy but are more likely to drink prior to their knowledge of the pregnancy (Breen, 2013). Another survey conducted by researchers found that 37.6% of the 1,633 women surveyed had consumed alcohol while pregnant during 2003-2004 (Callinan, 2014). This research also shows that younger women haven been exposed to different and more information on the pressures of drinking while pregnant than older women, resulting in a lower prevalence of alcohol consumption during pregnancy by younger women. A respondent by an individual who participated a survey produced for this research supports this theory. Respondent 9 wrote about being pregnant 39 years ago and how people were unaware of the dangers of drinking alcohol during pregnancy during that time, as she is currently 69 years old, â€Å"there were no warnings that come to mind about â€Å"drinking alcohol† while pregnant† (FASD community survey, respondent 9, 2015). The graph pasted below (figure 2) also presents the decrease in women’s alcohol consumption from 2001 to 2007. In 2001 44% of the surveyed women drank whilst pregnant, in 2004 33% reported drinking, and in 2007 only 25% of the women reported alcohol consumption while pregnant. It also shows in 2010 49% of the women drank prior to their knowledge of pregnancy, but only 20% of the women drank once they were aware of there pregnancy (Callinan, 2014). (Callinan, 2014). Strategies implemented to reduce disorders As there is no cure for FASD, many prevention strategies are put into place in order to reduce the risk and prevalence of FASD and to stop women from drinking alcohol at risky levels during pregnancy, as well as plans to help the children affected by prenatal alcohol exposure. The Australian Government as well as local communities have implemented strategies to reduce the impact of FASD. The Government scheme was introduced in 2013, which will last to 2017. The aim of this plan is stated below: Enhancing efforts to prevent FASD Secondary prevention targeting women with alcohol dependency Diagnosis and management Targeted measures supporting prevention and management of FASD within Indigenous communities and families in areas of social disadvantage National coordination, research and workforce support (Australian Department of Health, 2014). Australian institutes have also produced prevention advertisements in order to educate the community and publicize the effects of FASD, as seen below (figure 3). Figure 3: (FASD prevention, 2010) In 2007, The Marulu strategy has also been implemented into the community of Fitzroy, WA, which has high rates of alcohol use. The Marulu strategy tactics are; prevention through education, diagnosis, treatment, and support (Variety Charity, 2003). The Anyinginyi Health Aboriginal Corporation created the Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Project in 2011. This projects aim is to raise awareness, educate, prevent and support children with FASD (National Organisation for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder). Even though government strategies are implemented, these local projects are also essential for rural areas to become educated in the problem. Opinions of drinking alcohol while pregnant on mothers within society A survey conducted for the purpose of this research uncovered the opinion that women in Kensington Park, Adelaide, have on drinking alcohol while pregnant. The survey was completed by mothers in the community, due to the respondents needing to be women who have had children. Although, it was difficult to receive a large quantity of replies. 16 replies were collected and the context in each were of great standard, providing a strong understanding on their opinions of drinking alcohol whilst pregnant and the knowledge they obtained regarding this issue. Out of the 16 replies, 75% of respondents believed that no alcohol was an appropriate amount to be consumed during pregnancy, as they understood the possible risks (FASD community Survey, 2015). The other 25% stated they understood the risks but believe a small amount of alcohol during pregnancy was fine to consume (FASD community survey, 2015) (see appendix for further evidence). Keeping in mind if this survey were to be conducted in a different suburb (e.g. with a lower socio-economic status) the results may vary. To conclude, there is much scientific research and evidence to support the negative outcomes of drinking throughout pregnancy as it has a potentially detrimental effect on the life of an unborn child. As addressed above, the biological impacts such as cell migration that effects the overall development of the child’s brain and significantly affects the life of the child. Facial anomalies are also evident with prenatal alcohol exposure. The potential significant brain damage is the cause of unintentional negative social and behavioural effects on the child that affects them for their whole life. The statistics which state the prevalence of disorders and women who drink alcohol during pregnancy supports, along with the opinions women have towards drinking alcohol, supports how damaging this condition can have on the community and child as it’s a serious disorder which is not publicized to the community as often as it should. As stated above, a mother drinking alcohol whil e pregnant has a very large effect on the life of the child exposed physically, biologically, socially and behaviourally. Reference List Secondary sources- Alcohol guidelines: reducing the health risks. (2015, March 24). (A. Government, Producer) Retrieved April 10, 2015, from National Health and Medical Research: http://nhmrc.gov.au/health-topics/alcohol-guidelines Australian Department of Health. (2014). Responding to the impact of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders in Australia. Retrieved March 28, 2015, from Australian Government Department of Health: http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/0FD6C7C289CD31C9CA257BF0001F96BD/$File/FASD%20-%20Commonwealth%20Action%20Plan%20MAY%202014%20(D14-1125690).pdf Breen, D. L. (2013). Its time to have the conversation: Understanding the treatment needs of women who are pregnant and alcohol dependent. NSW, Australia: University of New South Wales. British Columbia Ministry of Education. (2010). Alcohol effects on the developing brain. Retrieved Feburary 25, 2015, from FASDoutreach: http://www.fasdoutreach.ca/elearning/understanding-fasd/alcohol-effects-developing-brain Callinan, S. (2014, March 17). Trends in alcohol consumption during pregnancy in Australia 2001-2010. Cornwell, A. (1993). Drugs, Alcohol and Mental Health (Vol. 2). Cambridge, Great Britain: Cambridge University Press. FASD Characteristics across the Lifespan. (n.d.). Retrieved April 2, 2015, from nofasd Australia: www.nofasd.org.au/_/FASD_-_Characteristics_across_the_Lifespan FASD prevention. (2010, October 1). Wallet Card: Say No to Alcohol When You Are Pregnant. Retrieved April 1, 2015, from Girls, Women, Alcohol and Pregnancy: https://fasdprevention.wordpress.com/2010/10/01/wallet-card-say-no-to-alcohol-when-you-are-pregnant/ FASlink. (2014). Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. Retrieved March 31, 2015, from FASlink: http://www.faslink.org/fasmain.htm Jean, P. (2012, September 12). Alcohol in pregnancy warnings. Canberra times . Miles, M. Challenges for midwives: pregnant women and illicit drug use (Vol. 1). Adelaide, SA, Australia: Australian Journal of advanced nursing. National Organisation for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder. (n.d.). Current FASD projects. Retrieved March 25, 2015, from National Organisation for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: http://www.nofasd.org.au/research-library/current-fasd-projects National Organisation for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder. (2013). What is FASD? Retrieved March 25, 2015, from National Organisation for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders Australia: http://nofasd.org.au/resources/what-is-fasd-1 Provicial Outreach Program for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder. (2013). What is FASD? Retrieved March 3, 2014, from Provicial Outreach Program for Fetal ALcohol Spectrum Disorder: https://www.fasdoutreach.ca/elearning/understanding-fasd/what-is-fasd Pyettfor, P. (2007). Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: A literature review for the Healthy pregnancies, Healthy Babies for Koor Communities Project. Melbourne, VIC, Australia: State of VIctoria . Robinson, M. (2013). How the first 9 months shape the rest of our lives. Australian Psychologist , 239-245. Telethon Institute for Child Health Research. (2009). Alcohol and Pregnancy and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: A resource for Health Professionals (Vol. 1). Perth, WA, Australia: Telethon Institute for Child Health Research. Telethon Kids. (2011). Alcohol, Pregnancy, FASD. Retrieved March 31, 2015, from Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: http://alcoholpregnancy.telethonkids.org.au/understanding-fasd/what-is-fasd/ Variety Charity. (2003). Supporting the Marulu Strategy . Retrieved March 25, 2015, from Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cegTvwWJjpY#action=share> Webb, I. (1991). Alcohol. Essex, Englans: Hodder Wayland. Womens and Childrens Health Network. (2014). Pregnancy and Alcohol- risks and effects on the developing baby. Retrieved March 31, 2015, from Womens and Childrens Health Network: http://www.cyh.com/HealthTopics/HealthTopicDetails.aspx?p=114np=122id=1950 Primary sources Anonymous midwife. (2015, March 20). FASD interview. (S. McKenna, Interviewer) Adelaide, SA, Australia. FASD Community Survey, 2015. Appendix Some of the replies to â€Å"What is your personal opinion on drinking alcohol while pregnant? Do you think it’s acceptable to an extent? Why?† (FASD community survey, respondent 14, 9, 13, 4, 2015)

Environmental Activism Essay -- essays research papers

1. The large mainstream environmentalism groups started to compromise too much with regulatory agencies and bureaus, starting with the Glen Canyon Dam project. This began an estrangement with the mainstreams that culminated in the rise of more militant groups like Earth First! Glen Canyon represented what was fundamentally wrong with the country's conservation policies: arrogant government officials motivated by a quasireligious zeal to industrialize the natural world, and a diffident bureaucratic leadership in the mainstream environmental organizations that more or less willingly collaborated in this process.The mainstream environmental groups and government held the premise that mankind should control and manage the natural world. The radicals held that our technological culture with its intrusions on natural world had to be curtailed, perhaps even undone, to keep the ecology of this planet and our role in it viable. It marked a shift from a rearguard strategy (mainstream) to protect wilderness to an affirmative attempt to roll back the artifacts of civilization, to restore the world to the point where natural processes such as the flow of rivers could continue.The mainstream environmental movement is now perceived by many as out of touch with people's deep concern about environmental degradation, has become systematized. The activists use approaches such as industrial vandalism or "ecotage" to foster dramatic results. Some other methods employed are tree spiking, tree sitting, road blockading, demonstrations, tree pinning, ship sinking, dam breaking and outright terrorist-type sabotage (bombing power stations, bridges, power line, etc.) There may be some complimentary results of the efforts of both mainstream and radical groups. The large environmental organizations, while denouncing the radical's confrontational activities, have then been able to use their ample finances to take the campaign to Congress or the courts with the impetus of public support the radicals generated. 2. With Soule's quote, including "Vertebrate evolution may be at an end" it means that the civilization complex has lost its reference point by overwhelming the natural processes it has always used to define itself. The otherness of nature is disappearing into the artificial world of technology. As the environmental crisis worsens, we can expect increased att... ...of civilization's citizens.' Industrial man and the industrial society may be the most deleterious and unsustainable economic system the world has ever seen, since it constantly eats into the ecological systems on which it depends.We are beginning to realize just how costly a system it is as the health and cleanup bills from years of environmental abuse come due. Not surprisingly, those who benefited most from the extravagant rise of the industrial economy have done their best to pass the burden on to others: the poor, the unwary, or the next generation. Industrialism is perhaps the greatest pyramid scheme in history.The role that industrial man must take for the ultimate survival of the natural world is that he must take the action to slow and reverse human population growth . There are ecological limits to how many people can live in dignity on this planet; to quibble over whether that line has yet been crossed is to invite a game of ecological brinkmanship that there is no nee d to play. And if human population has not exceeded carrying capacity, the arguments of the humanist critics leave out the whole question of the effect present population levels have on the nonhuman world.

Animal Rights and Ethical Theories Essay

Human Rights and Philosophical Theories We live in a society where many people fight for rights of their specific groups. Women’s rights, African American’s rights, and rights for handicapped people are just a few examples. Now these are all groups, where people verbally fight for their groups, but what about animal rights? Animals cannot speak or communicate for themselves, they are unable to defend themselves and fight for their rights in our world. Many philosophical theories are used to decide whether or not something is ethically right or ethically wrong, but the theories are pertaining to humans and are species prejudice. We will review animal rights, concerns, and how animal rights are looked upon when applying different ethical theories. We will also conclude that the deontology theory would be most in benefit of animals in the case of animal right whereas the utilitarian theory would be in the greatest benefit of humans when looking at animal rights. There are many big differences between animals and humans. Even within the different species of animals you have many differences. It is nearly impossible to compare an insect to a wolf for example. So when studying animal rights activists’ articles and media, it is hard to agree and say animals are equal to humans. Even when comparing animals to humans who are mentally ill and cannot communicate, there is still a huge difference. Humans are able to communicate with one another where animals have their way of communicating as well but it is tough to compare their way to ours. If an animal is mistreated, it is impossible for that animal to speak up for itself and seek protection. Sometimes animals find protection but this is because humans will stick up for them and act as their voice. Utilitarianism states; â€Å"This arrangement, more than any other, will be the  most beneficial to the greatest number of people.† (Mosser, 2013) Note the word people at the end. So how does this affect other species? So when applying this to animals, automatically we look at how humans are affected by the way animals are treated. We use animals for our resources and have for a very long time. Not only are they part of our 3-course meal but due to testing on animals, cures are found for diseases and often even things like make-up are tested on animals first to make sure no harm will come upon humans. This is not fair to animals and often while being used for food and testing they are mistreated and abused in the process. Sad as this is, would you choose an animal’s right over a cure for cancer being found? It is really tough to think of issues like this. Many animal rights activists will argue that animals have right too, and although they do, when looking at most humans, animals just simply come second. A person’s life at the end of the day has more meaning then an animal’s life. In recent years more produce at grocery stores has become caged free, many companies and farms advertise a more humane kind of farming. When you think about it though, whether the animals are treated right or not, they are still getting butchered to end up on our dinner plates. Now there is a great deal of vegetarians and even vegans but they still do not make up a large part of overall society and probably never will. Animals have feelings and do deserve a fair treatment but according to the utilitarianism theory, whatever is being judged has to be ethically right for the greatest number of people. As people we eat animals, we test on animals to find medical cures, we use animals to make clothing, and we use animals for a variety of other reasons and a variety of other types of testing as well. â€Å"The fundamental wrong is the system that allows us to view animals as our resources, here for us — to be eaten, or surgically manipulated, or exploited for sport or money. Once we accept this view of animals – as our resources – the rest is as predictable as it is regrettable.† (Regan, 1986) Although his point as an animal rights, as an animal activist is clear and valid but would you offer a human life for an animal life? The answer is no. As an animal lover myself I do not want to see animals being mistreated. I  try to buy produce that advertises cage free animals and enjoy pets. Too say that animals are equal to us in any way is far-fetched. â€Å"We begin by asking how the moral status of animals has been understood by thinkers who deny that animals have rights. Then we test the mettle of their ideas by seeing how well they stand up under the heat of fair criticism. If we start our thinking in this way, we soon find that some people believe that we have no duties directly to animals, that we owe nothing to them, that we can do nothing that wrongs them. † (Regan, 1986) When reading this you have to question if his thoughts pertain to all animals or not. If he only cares about mammals but steps on a spider, another animal rights activist may come along and say he is being unfair because he is only an advocate for certain species of animals. â€Å"The great appeal of utilitarianism rests with its uncompromising egalitarianism: everyone’s interests count and count as much as the like interests of everyone else. The kind of odious discrimination that some forms of contractarianism can justify – discrimination based on race or sex, for example – seems disallowed in principle by utilitarianism, as is speciesism, systematic discrimination based on species membership.† (Regan, 1986) You have to draw the line somewhere as far as I’m concerned. â€Å"There are many other obvious ways in which men and women resemble each other closely, while humans and other animals differ greatly. So, it might be said, men and women are similar beings and should have equal rights, while humans and nonhumans are different and should not have equal rights.† (Singer, 1989) Nobody can argue with this statement but one might say monkeys are very close to humans in their appearance and in many of their capabil ities. Yet humans are humans and we are the top of the foods chain. Facts also state that most people are not vegetarians, most people wear animal skins, and most people are for and not against animal testing for medical reasons. I believe that animals should have rights but that those rights should not be in any way equal to humans rights. Their rights should pertain to minimizing suffering. â€Å"If a being suffers, there can be no moral justification for refusing to take that suffering into consideration. No matter what the nature of the being, the principle of equality requires that its suffering be counted equally with the like suffering—in so far as rough comparisons can be made—of any other being.† (Singer, 1989) According to the utilitarianism theory, this would benefit the greatest number of people  because people could continue to use animals as their resources, and by minimizing suffering the animals would also be in a better place ethically then they are now. Now let’s look at the deontology theory. â€Å"Deontology focuses on the duties and obligations one has in carrying out actions rather than on the consequences of those actions.† (Mosser, 2013) So when looking at this, animals would have the greatest benefits. If we apply this theory we would not be cruel, we would not test on animals. When applying this theory we would not care that human lives will be saved if animals were tested on. Basically testing on animals would be looked upon as cruel and inhumane so therefor when not caring about the outcome, it just would not happen. Basically animals are mistreated but at the end of the day, even if they were not abused and treated wrongly, what we do to them for our reasons is ethically wrong no matter how you look at it. The deontologist would not do wrong in the beginning and therefor we would not mistreat and abuse animals and the outcomes of us not doing so would be neither here nor there. Virtue ethics is a little bit tougher to apply in this case. Virtue ethics looks at the character of the individual committing the act and looks at if this person is genuinely a good person or not. What the act is would be considered to be good because a good person would not commit a bad act because it is out of their character to do so. When trying to apply this theory here it is a little tough. Someone could be a great person but still eat meat or still use products that are tested on animals. So although that person is not himself or she committing the bad act against the animals themselves they are still benefitting from the act committed. It is very tough to apply this and analyze this because it can go so many different ways. Basically when looking at animal rights it is a very tough topic to apply ethics to. Animals do not have the ability to speak or defend themselves and whether people and especially animal right activists want to admit it or not, we come higher above them in the food chain. Our knowledge and capabilities as humans makes us very dominant over any other species. That  is just a fact that cannot be denied. It is however not fair that we use animals as our resources but if you had to choose between ending an animal’s life or a family member’s life, what choice would you make? I think even the most extreme of animal rights activists would have a tough time with that choice if they were faced with it. So when applying the theories, the deontology theory acts in the greatest benefit of the animal while the utilitarianism theory is in the greatest benefits of humans when it comes to the topic of animal’s rights. Animals would not be hurt but humans would not be saved if the deontology theory were applied. When applying the utilitarianism theory, the fact that animals get hurt or mistreated makes no difference either way as long as the greatest number of people benefit from it in the end. References Mosser, K. (2013). Understanding Philosophy. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education. Singer, P. (1989). All animals are equal. In T. Regan & P. Singer (Eds.), Animal rights and human obligations (pp. 148-162). New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Retrieved from http://spot.colorado.edu/~heathwoo/phil1200,Spr07/singer.pdf Regan, T. (1985). The case for animal rights. In P. Singer (Ed.), In defense of animals (pp. 13-26). New York, NY: Basil Blackwell. Retrieved from http://www.animal-rights-library.com/texts-m/regan03.htm  ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­

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The Window As I approach the window to my living room, I can feel the breeze from the warm air passing through the house. The curtains blow furiously around, dancing with one another in what seems to be some ancient primal ritual. Before I even look outside, I can already hear the world speeding by outside. I peer out the window; the air carries with it a distinctive smell. Exhaust from the cars that fly chaotically around, all the people walking on the street. The smell of the sea breeze, and the brisk salty water that carries all the other smells around like a horse and carriage. Hundreds of fragrances that all come together to form one unique sensation. Even a man without sight could see the picture of the city formed by the chorus of aroma’s. Looking down upon the city, one can almost feel rushed by the organized chaos below. People all hurrying from one place to another, bunched together walking in invisible lines like a herd of sheep. Careful not to infringe on others space, the lines of people bend and move. Making their way through the maze of the city, never stopping to talk, or take in their surroundings. Looking annoyed when they must wait to cross the street, checking their watches counting each second as if it were there last. Everyone seeming to be in such a hurry to get where they are going, and even more of a hurry to leave once they get there. The streets, filled with all the cars and busses. Each one with its own sound, honks and roars, revs and putters. Moving with such purpose, following an unwritten pecking order. Busses are the kings of the road. Like an elephant, so big and powerful, moving all other smaller creatures out of its way. Never stopping to worry about the smaller things on the road, it is the master of the mechanical world. The Taxi’s and their wave of yellow, grouping together like a pack of lions hunting with such precision as they weave in and out of traffic. Then the... Free Essays on Window Free Essays on Window The Window As I approach the window to my living room, I can feel the breeze from the warm air passing through the house. The curtains blow furiously around, dancing with one another in what seems to be some ancient primal ritual. Before I even look outside, I can already hear the world speeding by outside. I peer out the window; the air carries with it a distinctive smell. Exhaust from the cars that fly chaotically around, all the people walking on the street. The smell of the sea breeze, and the brisk salty water that carries all the other smells around like a horse and carriage. Hundreds of fragrances that all come together to form one unique sensation. Even a man without sight could see the picture of the city formed by the chorus of aroma’s. Looking down upon the city, one can almost feel rushed by the organized chaos below. People all hurrying from one place to another, bunched together walking in invisible lines like a herd of sheep. Careful not to infringe on others space, the lines of people bend and move. Making their way through the maze of the city, never stopping to talk, or take in their surroundings. Looking annoyed when they must wait to cross the street, checking their watches counting each second as if it were there last. Everyone seeming to be in such a hurry to get where they are going, and even more of a hurry to leave once they get there. The streets, filled with all the cars and busses. Each one with its own sound, honks and roars, revs and putters. Moving with such purpose, following an unwritten pecking order. Busses are the kings of the road. Like an elephant, so big and powerful, moving all other smaller creatures out of its way. Never stopping to worry about the smaller things on the road, it is the master of the mechanical world. The Taxi’s and their wave of yellow, grouping together like a pack of lions hunting with such precision as they weave in and out of traffic. Then the...

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